Ethical Dilemma Essays

Moral Dilemma Essays Moral Dilemma Essay Moral Dilemma Essay Fowler, M. D. , Aroskar, M. A. (1997). Moral Dilemmas Nursing Practice. (fifth ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. Desjardins, J. (2009). An Introduction to Business Ethics. (third ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Ghillyer, A. (2010). Business Ethics: A Real World Approach. (second ed. ). Boston: Mcgraw-Hill Higher Education. Klein, E. R. (2003). Individuals First! Expert and Business Ethics without Ethics. Oxford, UK: University Press Of America. MacNiven, D. (1993). Inventive Morality. London, UK: Routledge. Narveson, J. (1998). Selfishness and Altruism. In R. Chadwick, Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (pp. 15-21). London, UK: Academic Press Limited. Preston, N. (1996). Getting Ethics. Sydney, NSW, Australia: The Federation Press. Shaw, W. H. , Barry, V. , Sansbury, G. (2009). Moral issues in Business. (first Asia-Pacific ed. ). South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited.

Eternal Light free essay sample

Another â€Å"wayfarer† is Victor Frankenstein, who is taking a stab at â€Å"eternal light,† yet in another viewpoint. He is the â€Å"Modern Prometheus,† aching to â€Å"pour a downpour of light into our dull world,† while making a person †a deed, which is characteristic for God (26). His creation is the third member in the â€Å"journey† to â€Å"eternal light. † He is anonymous, or all the more frequently called the animal, the beast, the reprobate, or the one with â€Å"unearthly ugliness† (55). Victor’s creation additionally dreams for â€Å"eternal light† in the significance of unadulterated love or bliss, yet he is constrained to follow the opposite course †to â€Å"darkness and distance† (134). The three meet each other at the â€Å"land of fog and snow,† where their â€Å"journey† closes, where the fringe among conceivable and basic lies, among dream and reality, among virtuoso and humanity, among God and humankind, between â€Å"a nation of interminable light† and â€Å"darkness and separation. † The character, responsible for the novel’s dramatization, is Victor Frankenstein, an understudy in humanities. We will compose a custom exposition test on Everlasting Light or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page â€Å"A conceivable understanding of the name Victor gets from the sonnet Paradise Lost by John Milton, an extraordinary effect on Shelley (a citation from Paradise Lost is on the initial page of Frankenstein and Shelley even permits the beast himself to understand it). Milton every now and again alludes to God as ‘the Victor’ in Paradise Lost, and Shelley considers Victor to be playing God by making life† (Wikipedia). As a divine being Victor is resolved to invest humankind: â€Å"Yet my heart flooded with graciousness, and the affection for goodness. I had started existence with kindhearted aims, and yearned for the second when I should place them practically speaking, and make myself valuable to my individual beings† (50). Also, as Prometheus, he gives the world â€Å"a sparkle of being† (28). Outfitting the world with such extraordinary force Frankenstein should assume the liability of maker and assist his with gifting be helpful not damaging. Anyway he misuses it. At the point when he is fifteen, he witnesses â€Å"a generally savage and horrendous thunderstorm,† which â€Å"utterly destroys† a â€Å"old and excellent oak† (18). This occasion could be deciphered as an inference to how pestilential this â€Å"spark of being† could be. As Miglena Nikolchina fights, the â€Å"serious ailment† is â€Å"in the man alone, attempted the ‘godlike’ capacity to be a maker, yet in numerous regards juvenile for it† (57). The solid purpose behind the animal being â€Å"spurned at, and kicked, and stomped on on† is his physical offensiveness (133). Why Frankenstein’s creation is monstrous? As indicated by Cvetan Stoyanov, â€Å"Ugliness is in truth estrangement, floating away from the essential standard †natural couldn't be appalling, violating and murdering it is ugly† (206). Something, frequently refered to in association with Shelley’s work is a sentence wherein the ideal craftsman is depicted as an ethically impeccable man, as a â€Å"second maker, perfect Prometheus under the sky of Jupiter† (Shaftsbury 207). In this regard Miglena Nikolchina thinks about Frankenstein as an incompetent craftsman, since he isn't â€Å"morally perfect† and shows this as a purpose behind the monster’s grotesqueness. She asserts that the Frankenstein’s ethical quality isn't one of a maker, yet one of a normal man. â€Å"Frankenstein has not liked that adoration †in particular love and just love his creation needs †is the principal normal for maker. † â€Å"Ugliness turns out the sign, abandoned by the maker who imbues life, yet doesn't figure out how to come to adore it and accordingly calls forward death, for it is preposterous the destined for living to be made without adoration, and has no essentialness what is denied of the leniency to be loved† (Nikolchina 79-82). Victor’s visual impairment about the monster’s guiltless nature is more hurtful than the physical visual deficiency. The visually impaired De Lacey is the main man who sees the beasts great goals. About the structure of the novel Nikolchina offers an intriguing definition. It is â€Å"constructed as though of concentric circles of ice. The cruising toward the North Pole is the external circle, which fill in as an edge of Frankenstein’s story. The discussion between the beast and Frankenstein among the ocean of ice close Chamounix is the edge of the monster’s story, which is the center of the novel† (Nikolchina 86). The focal piece of his story is when in the wake of torching the cabin of De Lacey he ponders: â€Å"And now, with the world before me, whither would it be advisable for me to twist my means? (80). In the future he begins chasing for his maker and starts distancing from his characteristic guiltlessness. The animal wends his way toward â€Å"darkness and separation. † The changing nature validates his ethical breakdown: â€Å"I voyaged uniquely around evening time, dreadful of experiencing the look of an individual. Nature rotted around me, and the sun got heatless; downpour and snow poured around me; powerful streams were solidified; the outside of the earth was hard, and chill, and exposed, and I found no shelter† (81). â€Å"Advancing into experience,† Miglena Nikolchina clarifies, â€Å"is going into a center of cold as well† (87). She proposes two viewpoints in examining the job of ice. First it could be viewed as â€Å"a incomparable, aloof, unsusceptible to changes reality. It raises Frankenstein ‘from all modesty of feeling,’ it fills him with ‘a grand joy that offers wings to the spirit, and permits it to take off from the dark world to light and joy’† (Nikolchina 87). Such an everlasting and boundless is the image before Robert Walton as well: â€Å"†¦the district of magnificence and pleasure. †¦the sun is for ever noticeable; its wide plate simply evading the skyline, and diffusing an unending magnificence. The explorer’s trusts are extraordinary to such an extent that they turn out dreams †he envisions a totally unbelievable North Pole: â€Å"†¦there day off ice are exiled; and, cruising over a quiet ocean, we might be floated to a land outperforming in ponders and in excellence each locale heretofore found on the tenable globe† (2). Th e Modern Prometheus picks the â€Å"wild and puzzling regions† to â€Å"the tamer scenes of nature† (11). He goes past the possibilities of conventional individuals, in any case, pointing not at appreciating of the Great Nature, however at picking up the celestial insider facts. While Elizabeth mulls over â€Å"with a genuine and fulfilled soul the eminent appearances of things,† Victor delights â€Å"in researching their causes. † Elizabeth follows â€Å"the flying manifestations of the poets† and â€Å"in the superb and wondrous scenes† she finds â€Å"ample scope for adoration and delight,† while Victor is â€Å"capable of an increasingly extreme application,† and is â€Å"more profoundly stricken with the hunger for knowledge† (15). He lifts his keenness, however not his spirit. He doesn't understand that new conceived (for his creation develops in a totally new world) needs love and participation. Endeavoring to everlasting light,† he experiences â€Å"impenetrable haziness. † Night is shutting around,† †dark are the mountains,† â€Å"heavens are clouded† (40-41). The â€Å"spark of being† turns out a repulsive fetus removal. â€Å"Thick fogs conceal the highest points of the mountains† (54). Frankenstein falls into â€Å"deep, dull, deathlike solitude† (50). Enduring â€Å"the endless twinkling of the stars weighed upon him,† as opposed to pleasing â€Å"eternal light,† he shouts: â€Å"Oh! stars, and mists, and winds, ye are going to deride me: if ye truly feel sorry for me, pulverize sensation and memory; let me become as nothing; however on the off chance that not, withdraw, leave, and leave me in darkness† (87). The radiant scenes offer approach to shocking â€Å"dusky plain† (124). The other part of the ice, agreeing Nikolchina, is â€Å"something desolate and dead; like a force, which is unfriendly to life; like muteness† (88). Aching retribution, Victor withdraws from land and â€Å"pursues his excursion over the ocean toward a path that prompts no land,† â€Å"†¦the snows thicken and the virus increments in a degree excessively serious to support†¦ The waterways were secured with ice and no fish could be procured† (123). The nature is by all accounts aroused and acts against Frankenstein: â€Å"Immense and tough piles of ice frequently banned up my section, and I regularly heard the roar of the ground ocean which undermined my destruction† (124). It appears he has stepped on some concealed outskirt that can not be crossed. â€Å"When he shows up nearly inside handle of his enemy, his expectations are out of nowhere stifled, [ ]. The breeze emerges; the ocean thunders; and, similarly as with the relentless stun of a quake, it parts and breaks with an enormous and overpowering sound. The work is before long completed: in no time flat a turbulent ocean moves among him and his foe, and he is left floating on a dissipated bit of ice, that is persistently decreasing, and subsequently getting ready for him an ugly death† (124). â€Å"Walton is additionally encircled by heaps of ice which concede to no way out and compromise each second to pulverize his vessel† (127). The circumstance with the â€Å"unearthly† animal is anyway unique. The surge of his profound improvement is in opposition to the ones of Frankenstein and Walton. Through the appellation â€Å"unearthly† Shelley differe

Jargon

Jargon Putting the definition of punt at the end of my last entry got me skimming through the glossary of my current edition of How to Get Around MIT (alternatively How To GAMIT or HoToGAMIT). Since youre reading blogs of MIT students and alums, you should learn a bunch of the jargon that we MIT folks sometimes use (a small selection from How To GAMITs glossary) armadillo A small set of drawers common to a select few dorms. beaver The MIT mascot, engineer of the animal kingdom. Bruno A unit of volume resulting from a piano falling six stories onto Amherst Alley from the roof of Baker House. CP Campus Police. cruft Old equipment; junk. Being able to take cruft again and make it work again, or do something new and useful, is a badge of honor. drop (1) v. To de-register for a subject during a term. (2) n. Network access point. (3) n. Type of sodium experiment performed by Third East. Flammschmeisser A gas-fired device used for spreading burning iron particles when creating a hoax crop circle. FSILG Fraternity, Sorority, or Independent Living Group. GIR General Institute Requirement. A class that all undergraduates must pass in order to get their degree. hack (1) n. A trick or prank. For example, having a balloon pop out of the field in the middle of the Hahvahd-Yale football game or getting elected Undergraduate Association President are fine hacks. (2) n. An inelegant shortcut to get something done quickly, for example in a computer program. (3) v. To use or operate something in a manner outside its design or published documentation; see kludge. (4) v. To explore ordinarily inaccessible or unknown places; equivalent to go hacking. (5) v. To apply oneself with utmost dedication in order to understand or become proficient in something. Example: a computer hacker. Also connotes fanaticism. hacker n. (1) One who hacks. (2) One who pulls hacks. (3) One who goes hacking. hosed Bogged down with work. IAP Independent Activities Period. The month of January at MIT, and the most fun time to be on campus. intuitively obvious aj. (1) Too simpleminded to deserve explanation. (2) More often, too abstruse to explain, if the speaker even understands it at all. kludge [rhymes with stooge] n. (1) A Rube Goldberg-style device which appears unlikely to work but does anyhow. (2) A method by which something is effectively but inelegantly made to perform a function for which it was not designed. (3) Something complex that doesnt work, e.g., this definition. Mystery Hunt The famous annual weekend-long puzzle competition held during IAP (q.v.). nerd [pronounced gnurd] n. (1) Someone with a high level of expertise in an esoteric, usually technical field. A badge of honor at the Institute, e.g., Nerd Pride. (2) Someone who studies too much. See tool. punt (1) v.t. To determine after analytical deliberation not to do something often academic in nature. (2) v.i. To be in the process of not doing something. Smoot A unit of length equal to the height of Oliver Smoot 62, most commonly used for the Harvard Bridge (364.4 Smoots plus 1 ear). tomb An enclosed space, often created when a new building is put next to an old one without fully coordinating the floorplans. They tend to be named by the first hackers who find them. tool (1) v. To study. (2) n. One who studies to an extreme. Connotes over-concentration on problem sets. Supertool: an extreme extreme. (3) n. MIT student. Slightly derogatory. See nerd. Bonus points for using these in your comments, or, even better, as many as possible in one sentence ;)

Essay on Prejudice and Racism in The Adventures of...

Prejudice and Racism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is an excellent example of racism in literature, because it uses language describing African Americans which goes beyond satire. It treats them as objects and perpetuates stereotypes. It does not expose and deal with racism, as many advocates of its reading claim, but encourages an attitude of superiority that is unnecessary and intolerable. In order to rid ourselves from this racism, African American literature should be read more often in classrooms throughout the United States. Anything less will simply perpetuate racism. The American Heritage Dictionary defines racism†¦show more content†¦Instead, he is acted upon and is often the center of attention, treated as a problem throughout the book. When he breaks this pattern, and takes action, his image is not helped. Even when he tries to help Tom near the end, he is not shown as a human being, but at best a noble savage who acts without reason. Finally, Jims character is a stereotype. He is a black man trying to find a new home, and buy back his family. He believes in a wealth of superstitions and religious taboos which the white reader often laughs at. He has no desire to pursue academics, nor any concerns of finding a real job. This image, forwarded by Twain without any indication that he disagrees with it, clearly illustrates racial superiority. The whites in the story might be bad, but they are not ever grouped together, or called by such a painful term as niggers. Using the term nigger has no healing effect, especially not among white readers. Most shrug and say Yeah, I guess thats offensive, but I dont mind it, its part of the times. Surely they would not say the same if they were African Americans. Whites cannot possibly understand the anguish this causes, possibly with the exception of frequent Anti-Semitism which must be endured by many Jewish children. We just dont care, and do not see why othersShow MoreRelated Prejudice and Racism in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1062 Words   |  5 PagesPrejudice and Racism in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn    Despite all the criticism, of racism and other questionable material for young readers, Mark Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is a superbly written novel, which in the opinion of this reviewer should not be remove the literary cannon. Twain’s novel is a coming of age story that teaches young people many valuable lessons and to some extend makes students reexamine their own lives and morals. The most common argumentRead More The Importance of Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn829 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Aristotle was once asked what he thought friendship was. His response was, One soul inhabiting two bodies. This was the kind of relationship that Huckleberry Finn and Jim shared in Mark Twains epic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This novel is a tool that Mark Twain, whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemmons, was using to impress the great benefits of friendship upon society. However, others feelRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesJhonatan Zambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of theRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a book that has racial attitudes towards a society. It is1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a book that has racial attitudes towards a society. It is written in a language which is more artistic than usual. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer may be a book for young adults and children, but the Adventures of huckleberry Finn is not so much for kids. Mark twain shows the evil in his society by satirizing the institution of racism by using irony. Mark Twain’s best works is The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The main characters in the book are HuckleberryRead More Mark Twain a Racist? Absolutely not!1597 Words   |  7 PagesCelebrating its 135th anniversary this year, Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a classic of American literature and is read by millions across the nation every year. However, many claim that the book promotes and endorses the heinous act of racism. In their attacks on the classic, many of the book’s critics employ evidence such as the use of the n-word 211 times (Powers, 2010) and the novel’s repeated inferior depiction of African-Americans. Many supporters of the novel, thoughRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1346 Words   |  6 Pages An in depth look at â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† Racism was an ever present evil that was prevelant during the 1830s and 1840s that lead to a multitude of wrongdoings against blacks. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is about a young child name Huck and how he matures in a society teeming with racism. While on his adventure, he must learn to make tough, adult-like decisions. He travels down the Mississippi River with a runaway slave who later becomes one his his greatest friends. In MarkRead MoreDehumanism In Huckleberry Finn Essay867 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of transporting people from Africa to the colonies and enslaved greatly stains its reputation. Categorizing the African slaves utilizing derogatory references as a form of dehumanizing them. American literature like Mark Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn provides this sense of realism portraying real life of the brutal and ugly aspects of life, as in this case slavery. In the book, it uses the n-word over two hundred times stirring up controversy, hundred and thirty three years later onRead MoreEssay on Huckleberry Finn: Hypocrisy in â€Å"Civilized† Society713 Words   |  3 PagesLambert Kelsey Mrs. Gunn A.P. English Literature 6 18 December 2012 Huckleberry Finn: Hypocrisy in â€Å"Civilized† Society The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a sequel to the Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain illustrates the Southern states and slavery. Published in 1884, the novel focuses on the important issues that affected America. These issues included racism, slavery, civilization and greed. The book has become one of the most controversial books ever written. The controversy hasRead More Racism in Huck Finn Essay example3609 Words   |  15 PagesRacism in Huck Finn Kids are often exposed to books long before they are ready for them or exposed to them in a manner that seems almost calculated to evaporate whatever enthusiasm the student may bring to them. Very few youngsters of high school age are ready for The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Leaving aside its subtle depiction of racial attitudes and its complex view of American society, the book is written in a language that will seem baroque, obscure and antiquated to many young peopleRead More Struggle for Freedom in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay1136 Words   |  5 PagesStruggle for Freedom in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Widow Douglas, she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways; and so when I couldnt stand it no longer, I lit out. The aforementioned quotation best describes Hucks philosophy when faced with ties that bind. When he is unable to take the restrictions of life any longer, whether

Sci Damath Andoroid Game - 9675 Words

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter will show the different content such as project context, project description and purposes, project objectives, project scope and limitation, project definition of terms that are directly related to the project. It will discuss in detail the aim of this study and the goals behind it. Project Context As time passes the type of information that user need to often changes in order to make information more convenient and easy to produce thus mobile devices are invented. A mobile device is a computing device small enough to hold in the hand. One popular type of mobile device is the mobile phone. Android phones are very popular now a day. Every month there are new releases of the newest model and brand.†¦show more content†¦Developer It will help the developer in exploring and studying other possibilities of controlling some computer function using Android application. User This will help the users to lessen the time and find a better way in searching information about herbal medicines. Future Researchers This serves as related study providing reference that may be used in other researchers and it add interest and insights about the application of different Android operating system Objectives The general objective of this study is to create a game of computer terms that can be used in android operating system. Specially, it aimed to: 1. To analyze the hardware and software that we need to use to create our system. 2. To give hassle free and to have instant and compatible application in mobile phones. 3. To evaluate an application that is approved not only to the students and faculty but also to the people that can use the application in terms usability, design, user-friendliness and error handling. Scope and Limitation The study covered by computer terms and their definition but was limited to one thousand (1,000) computer-related or information technology terms as well as their definitions. It is smartphones software application that gives entertainment and knowledge while you playing this application. It can provides attractive design that will help to

Critique an Article Free Essays

Introduction In order to benefit and fully understand what exactly a certain article is researching or auguring it needs to be analysed and critiqued to the point of understanding so to demonstrate this, the author of this material is going to analyse and critique the article, Factors influencing the food choices of Irish children and adolescents: a qualitative investigation. To achieve this in a well structured, well laid out piece of literature the author will use a checklist devised to critique a qualitative research study, in which it will be clear to recognise under appropriate headings. To conclude this assignment the author will mention any difficulties or problems that occurred through out the assignment. We will write a custom essay sample on Critique an Article or any similar topic only for you Order Now Title The title is very short but clearly states what the article is about. Parahoo (2006) mentions that the title should indicate the exact area of study and mention the population from who the information was collected. The title also is very informative with regards to the research method used as it’s clearly stated. Author As indicated on the article, the authors have well recognisable qualifications. Amanda Fitzgerald is from School of Psychology, national University of Ireland, Galway, and is also corresponding author. Caroline Heary is also form School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway. Elizabeth Nixon is from School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland and Collete Kelly is from the School Of Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. Abstract There is an abstract as such but titled summary which acts as the same purpose, as Parahoo (2006) states that an abstract is a short summary of a study. The research problem being that there is relatively little research done to explore the factors that influence the food choices of children and adolescents form their point of view is mentioned in this summary. The methodology of this study uses focus group discussions of 29 young people, in different age groups, ages ranging from 9-10, 13-14 and 16-18 years. From these discussions an inductive thematic analysis identified three key factors influencing food choices. Parahoo (2006) suggests that the abstract should mention the main findings which are referred to in this summary as, that their were developmental differences between children’s and adolescents perceptions of factors influencing food choice. Statement of the Phenomenon of Interest The phenomenon of interest is stated in the introduction as the author clearly mentions that this study was to understand the processes used to make food choices from the participants perspective. The researcher has mentioned that few studies have set out to qualitatively examine young people’s own views so this is an indication that the researcher wants to explore the participants own experiences through a qualitative method i. e. Focus groups. The philosophical underpinnings are clearly that the author has identified that few qualitatively studies have been carried out to examine the factors influencing the food choices of Irish children and adolescents from their own perspective. Also the researcher wants to access how they interact with others in the environment about food choices. Purpose The purpose of this study was evident from the title and clearly explained in-depth through out the article. The purpose of this study was to explore differences between children’s and adolescents’ views regarding influences on their food choices. The researcher doesn’t go too much into detail about how this research helps nurses but does mention that this study has useful implications for clinicians. Overall the use of the information obtained in this research would be of use to nursing in nutrional education for similar each groups in hospital. Method The researcher obtained the information from the participants using semi-structured interviews to guide focus group discussions. The use of focus groups is very suitable in this qualitative study. Parahoo (2006) mentions that choosing focus groups as apposed to individual interviews helps to get more in-depth information from the participants’ experience about a certain topic, it aids the researcher to get a wider view from all different experiences and leads participants to freely discuss and share their ideas. The use of focus groups enabled all the participants to share their own experiences and opinions about the phenomenon. Sampling The researcher mentions the participants selected and states the ratio of males and females and gives the age groups. The location or venue isn’t mentioned at all. Purposive sampling is indeed used and as Parahoo (2006) points out that researchers use this type of sampling as they select the most appropriate candidates to be able to answer the questions being asked. The questions being asked were aimed at children and adolescents so the aged group selected was between 9-18 years, so they were suitable. Data Collection The data collected is focused on human experiences as the researcher mentions the use of focus groups which were semi-structured to guide the participants to share their own ideas. The focus group discussions were tape recorded, transcribed and double- checked for accuracy. Ethical approval was obtained from the research ethics committee and parents had to provide written consent as well as consent from the participants themselves. The researcher didn’t mention if data saturation had occurred but did mention that following the inductive analysis procedure, categories emerged following repeated readings of the transcripts which identified key concepts. The researcher explains how the data was obtained using an inductive analysis procedure that were transcribed resulting in emerging categories. Data Analysis The focus group discussions were analysed separately and the researcher explains that an inductive thematic analysis was used and explains what this method does. The researcher has remained true to data by using semi-structured interviews which are used in qualitative research and also by using direct quotes which in-riches the data. The researcher does not give direct headings and emphasis to the creditability, audibility and fittingness in the article but they are evident from reading the article. Credibility According to Parahoo (2006), credibility is when a study carried out shows the participants ideas from their perpespectives about the research. The participants do recognise the experience as their own as they explain their answers using scenarios. Audibility Audibility refers to the data produced in a certain study that enables readers to understand the original methods and conclusions used in previous research ( Parahoo, 2006). The reader can follow the way the researcher has carried out the research as the researcher sticks to the qualitative method used to collect information from the participants, through semi-structured interviews. The researcher does mention that the research process used is that of a qualitative process. Fittingness The findings can be applied to people outside the study as the researcher mentions that this study gives a detailed account of young people’s food choices from their view points so this information can be used to help other people in understanding. The results can benefit parents along with health care workers, working with that age group, towards building nutrition among children and adolescents. The researcher clearly states that the data in this research piece does support the compatible use of an integrated theoretical framework as its based on the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and ecological theory so young people’s food choices can be explained, as the researcher wanted to understand how the participants engaged with others in their environment about food choices. Findings The reader can gather that the findings are broken down into three different categories, intra-individual factors, intra-familial factors and extra-familial factors. The researchers use of semi-structured interviews long with direct quotes containing scenarios made the data more rich. In the introduction great amount of detail is given to mention about other research and interventions. The researcher highlights that the results from this study helps in previous research. Also mentioned was that other research had found similar ideas among young people. Conclusions, Implications and Recommendatio ns It provides a clear conclusion from the in-depth data received from young people about their perceptions of factors influencing their food choices and gives us an understanding of differences between the age groups preferences. The researcher does state that the findings are useful in passing on information to nutrition education providers with regards to the factors that do effect children and adolescents food choices. As mentioned previously, its not out rightly stated in this study that the findings are made explicit to nurses but one could argue that the findings can be used by a registered nurse in providing nutritional care to this age group. Conclusion This article was very informative and the researcher did make clear from the very beginning, the research method used. This research study was made more rich and descriptive through the use of direct quotes to describe scenarios. This research study had many strengths as well as limitations. The format in which the summary was presented wasn’t very appropriate as its font size and style made it hard to read. Also the researcher failed to mention the exact location and venue where the focus groups took place, along with that, the ratio of girls to boys wasn’t equal, 13 boys to 16 girls. No opt out option was mentioned to the participants. The researcher did use explanations very well as certain terms were defined but too much detail was given in the introduction and discussion. Also too much referencing was used in one paragraph in the introduction. Overall this assignment made me aware of the procedure and method involved in critiquing an article and helped me understand the research process in general. How to cite Critique an Article, Papers

Concept Of Power Between Legitimate And Illegitimate †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Concept Of Power Between Legitimate And Illegitimate. Answer: The authors emphasized on the concept of power and describes that why it occupies an absolute position in the society. In this regard, the perspectives of the ancient Athenians were discussed which distinguishes between legitimate and illegitimate power. An example of Machiavellis the Prince has been illustrated where individuals can witness power as domination and control where the Prince successfully manages the society by utilizing both legitimate and illegitimate power. It is noteworthy to mention here that since time immemorial, power has been effectively applied by the society towards the individuals. According to Hobbes, there is a flow of power from society to individual. In Nietzsches perspective power is considered as the capacity to define reality. However, Lukes pointed out that power is an essentially contested concept. Wittgenstein however emphasized on concepts of family resemblance in order to define power as a social phenomenon. In the first chapter Gerhard Gohler introduced the distinction between power to and power over which aroused from the distinction made by Aristotle in regard to legitimate and illegitimate power. Various inconsistencies were observed in the distinction between power toand power over. Therefore, Gohler replaced them with transitive and intransitive. In the second chapter, Keith Dowding emphasized that agency and situational advantage is a systematic quality within the rational choice theory. Therefore, he applied the concept of power in order to overcome the accusation that rational choice theory is purely based on agent-centric perspective. In Chapter 3, Peter Morriss demonstrated that how a clear knowledge of power is essential in defining the legitimacy within the liberal tradition. In Chapter 4, by using the methods of comparative political sociology, Charles Tilly examined the utilization of power indices in making sense of levels of democracy and political stability. In Chapter 5, Rob Stones focused on the understanding of power within the framework of structuration theory which was developed by Anthony Giddens. In Chapter 6, the functioning of power in discourse theory has been explained by Jacob Torfing. In Chapter 7, focused that how networks are useful in constituting fabrics of power. In the Chapters 8 and 9, the perspectives of different scholars have been considered with the emergence of a new geography of power. Saskia Sassen alerts the readers about the overlapping mix of spaces and times as the hallmark of the global. However, Allen concentrated on the role played by private equity arrangements. In Chapter 10, Sir Isaiah Berlin provided distinction between positive and negative liberty. The controversial policy innovation has been described which has direct intervention with the aboriginal communities of Australia. In this Chapter the discussion of power suddenly shifts towards the concept of classical liberty. The authors stated that in order to be free from power it is important to gain absolute liberty. In Chapter 11, Nigel Rapport concluded that how the central questioning governing the concept of power is related to the meaning of the self. He notified power is essential as it helps in understanding and addressing the politics of identity. In Chapter 12, Fredrick Engelstad commented that the concept of power is viewed from cultural perspective in the presence of various interpretational modes which influences the social behavior of individuals. In Chapter 13, Gramscis project on hegemony started and therefore shaped researched thinking on power in a new way. In Chapter 14, the classic Weberian account that governs the relationship between power and authority is re-examined. In Chapter 15, critical concepts of power emerged out of the Community Power Debate. However, in Chapter 16 of power was applied was applied to the new emerging concept of feminism and their discussions in relation to race, gender, class and sexuality. In Chapter 17, the authors shared their perspectives on Machiavellian, Nietzscheian and Foucauldian in order to define the account of power. The authors David Courpasson and Franoise Dany demonstrated on the fact that power and resistance are not necessarily illegitimate activities. Kevin Ryan in Chap ter 19 explored that how the relations of power are constituted. Chapter 20 focused on strategic-relational perspective on the state-power nexus. In Chapter 21 it was noted by Phil Cerny in regard to neo-realist perspective that in order to understand the issues of world politics it is important to focus on the power seeking actions of the state as well as on state actors. It has been finally concluded that power is a conceptual tool which is not a single essence; it is eternally contested.

Country Analysis China

Table of Contents Introduction Political system Legal system Economic analysis Conclusion References Introduction China has a vibrant economy that forms potential for many investors. The government of China has improved the infrastructure of the country to ensure that investors have a good business environment. The legal systems of the country are favorable for conducting business.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Country Analysis: China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The economy of the country has been good and this forms a good foundation for performing business activities. In addition, the political and legal systems support business activities in the country. China has a viable business environment and investors should consider establishing investments in the country (Harper Huhti, 2009). Political system After the second word war China experienced political stability due to the good systems th at were established to protect the economy of the country from future events similar to those experienced during the war. China is politically neutral and this favors business and economic activities in the country. The government participates actively in international activities such as peace talks, environmental protection forums and other global political events. China is located in a business friendly location. The country borders Asia, China Sea, Yellow sea and this facilitates water transport. In china there are civil society groups which monitor the activities of the government leaders. There are lobby groups which ensure that the rights of the people are preserved. China has diplomatic representation in several countries and this makes the country to have peace with other countries in the world (World Factbook, 2010). Legal system The current constitution of China was promulgated in 1982 but has been amended severally to suit the changing legal needs. The legal systems of Ch ina are established on civil system. The laws were developed from the Soviet as well as the legal guidelines of the continental civil code. This implies that the legislature has the mandate to interpret statutes. The constitution of China has no clear guidelines about the review of the legislation by the judiciary. Compulsory ICJ authority is not acceptable by the Chinese government. The constitution of China provides the minimum suffrage is 18 years. This is the age that persons become legally liable (Harper Huhti, 2009). The government of china is headed by a president who is assisted by a vice president. Government events are headed by the premier while the cabinet is headed by state council. The president and his vice are elected after every five years. China has efficient court systems which implement the rule of law. This provides good judicial protection to all business people in the country as well as guiding the people on how to maintain law and order (Harper Huhti, 2009) .Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economic analysis For the last three decades the economy of China has experienced a lot of changes. The economy has been transformed from a closed to open economy where international trade has been accepted. The participation of the private sector has also emerged during this period while globalization has been a common happening. Major economic reforms started in the 1970’s when prices were liberalized, the economy shifted from agriculture to industrialization, industries were decentralized, diversity in the banking sector was experienced and other major economic changes. In the modern days the Chinese government has introduced strategies such as supporting state corporations, improving foreign direct investment among other policies as a means of creating economic security. In 2005 the government devalued the currency of the country against the dollar to provide allowance for other currencies. The economy of China has been performing well and was rated the second largest economy in the world after the US economy in 2009 (World Factbook, 2010). There are various challenges that government encounters in an effort to develop the economy. The first challenge involves the effort to increasing domestic savings, raising domestic demand and strengthening the social safety net. This has caused the country to depend more on the export of its commodities to generate income. The second challenge involves provision of enough jobs for the large number of unemployed people in the country (Kalman, 2008). Many people especially those living in the rural areas are unemployed and this increases the level of poverty in the country. Thirdly, the government struggles to reduce corruption as well as other economic crimes. Government leaders and other senior people are involved in economic crimes and this has remained a major challenge to the government. Corruption is being experienced in almost all offices and this vice has become impossible to eradicate. Lastly, there is a great challenge that the government is facing to reduce environmental damage as well as other social damages caused by the rapid changes being experienced in the country. The environment has continuously been damaged by human activities and this has caused the country to experience many negative impacts that result from environmental degradation (Kalman, 2008). The economy experiences more developments at the coast than at the interior. Rural-urban migration is very high because many people move from the rural areas in search of jobs in the urban centers. The country experiences an ageing population due to the introduction of the one-child policy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Country Analysis: China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the c ountry experiences the problem of environmental deterioration. This has been caused by the high rate of soil and air erosion, and the falling level of water table. To counter the effects of the environmental damage, the government has introduced the policy of getting other sources of energy other than coal and oil. The government is focused towards developing nuclear and other sources of energy. The global economy meltdown that was experienced in 2009 has reduced the amount of exports greatly. The government has introduced the policy of increasing domestic consumption as one of improving the GDP of the country and to avoid over-reliance on exports for earnings (Harper Huhti, 2009). The export commodities of China are electrical and electronics, iron, medical equipment and others. The exports partners of China are the US, Japan, Germany, South Korea and others. The imports are machinery, petroleum products, plastics, chemicals and others. The import partners are Japan, Taiwan, Germa ny, the US, Hong Kong and others. China has established a good business relationship with other countries. The country trades with many countries in the world and this has attracted many investors in the country. The country has a very high foreign direct investment in other countries and this has encouraged other countries to invest in China (Harper Huhti, 2009). The unemployment rate in China is 4.3 percent and this shows that the government has managed to reduce poverty levels by providing economic activities to many people. This is an indication that the supply of labor in the country is low and employers should be prepared to pay attractive remuneration to attract and retain professional and qualified people. Only 2.8 percent of the population lives below the poverty line in the country. However, a bigger number of the people in rural are poorer compared to the urban based (World Factbook, 2010). The rate of inflation as recorded in 2009 was -0.7 percent. This is a small rate and this is a clear indication that the country has a stable economy. However, the country experienced a very high rate of inflation in 2008 (6 percent). This was caused the global economic recession that was being experienced during that period.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Today, the economy of China has been able to overcome the shock of the economic recession and there is good progress towards rebuilding the industries that were adversely affected by the recession (World Factbook, 2010). China has a good stock market and this attracts many investors in the global stock market. On the other hand, the commercial banks in the country have attractive lending rates. Most commercial banks lend at 5-6 percent interest and this is a favorable rate that encourages investors to obtain loans from the banks. Investors are encouraged to do business in the country by the provision of a favorable rate of interest on business loans. The government has subsidized all business loans to encourage people invest in the country (World Factbook, 2010). Conclusion China has a viable business environment and investors should consider establishing investments in the country. The political, legal and economic environments of the country are favorable for business activities. China has a well established government system that provides good economic policies for the development of businesses in the country. China has an attractive business environment and foreign investors should consider establishing investments in the country. Due to the rapid growth of the Chinese economy, more business opportunities are being created and this allows investors to focus on expanding their businesses. References Harper, D. and Huhti, T. (2009). China. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1741048664, 9781741048667. Kalman, B. (2008). China: The Culture. Crabtree Publishing Company. ISBN 077879301X, 9780778793014. World Factbook (2010). China. Retrieved from; www.cia.gov. This research paper on Country Analysis: China was written and submitted by user Harold Sheppard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

John McClernand Civil War Union Major General

John McClernand Civil War Union Major General John Alexander McClernand was born May 30, 1812, near Hardinsburg, KY. Moving to Illinois at a young age, he was educated in local village schools and at home. First pursuing an agricultural career, McClernand later elected to become a lawyer. Largely self-educated, he passed the Illinois bar exam in 1832. Later that year McClernand received his first military training when he served as a private during the Black Hawk War. A devout Democrat, he founded a newspaper, the Shawneetown Democrat, in 1835 and the following year was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives. His initial term lasted only a year, but he returned to Springfield in 1840. An effective politician, McClernand was elected to the US Congress three years later. The Civil War Nears During his time in Washington, McClernand violently opposed the passage of the Wilmot Proviso which would have banned slavery in the territory acquired during the Mexican-American War. An anti-abolitionist and staunch ally of Senator Stephen Douglas, he aided his mentor in passing the Compromise of 1850. Though McClernand left Congress in 1851, he returned in 1859 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Thomas L. Harris. With sectional tensions rising, he became a firm Unionist and worked to advance Douglas cause during the election of 1860. After Abraham Lincoln was elected in November 1860, Southern states began leaving the Union. With the beginning of the Civil War the following April, McClernand commenced efforts to raise a brigade of volunteers for operations against the Confederacy. Eager to maintain a wide base of support for the war, Lincoln appointed the Democratic McClernand a brigadier general of volunteers on May 17, 1861. Early Operations Assigned to the District of Southeast Missouri, McClernand and his men first experienced combat as part of Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grants small army at the Battle of Belmont in November 1861. A bombastic commander and political general, he quickly irritated Grant. As Grants command was expanded, McClernand became a division commander. In this role, he took part in the capture of Fort Henry and Battle of Fort Donelson in February 1862. At the latter engagement, McClernands division held the Union right but failed to anchor its flank on the Cumberland River or another strongpoint. Attacked on February 15, his men were driven back nearly two miles before Union forces stabilized the line. Rescuing the situation, Grant soon counterattacked and prevented the garrison from escaping. Despite his error at Fort Donelson, McClernand received a promotion to major general on March 21. Seeking Independent Command Remaining with Grant, McClernands division came under heavy attack on April 6 at the Battle of Shiloh. Helping to hold the Union line, he took part in the Union counterattack the next day which defeated General P.G.T. Beauregards Army of the Mississippi. A constant critic of Grants actions, McClernand spent much of the middle of 1862 conducting political maneuvering with the goal of either displacing Major General George B. McClellan in the east or obtaining his own command in the west. Obtaining a leave of absence from his division in October, he traveled to Washington to lobby Lincoln directly. Desiring to maintain a Democrat in a senior military position, Lincoln ultimately granted McClernands request and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton gave him permission to raise troops in Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa for an expedition against Vicksburg, MS. A key location on the Mississippi River, Vicksburg was the last obstacle to Union control of the waterway. On the River Though McClernands force initially only reported to Union General-in-Chief Major General Henry W. Halleck, efforts soon commenced to limit the political generals power. This ultimately saw orders issued for him to take command of a new corps to be formed out his current force once he united with Grant who was already operating against Vicksburg. Until McClernand rendezvoused with Grant, he would remain an independent command. Moving down the Mississippi in December he met Major General William T. Shermans corps which was returning north after its defeat at Chickasaw Bayou. The senior general, McClernand added Shermans corps to his own and pressed south aided by Union gunboats led by Rear Admiral David D. Porter. En route, he learned that a Union steamer had been captured by Confederate forces and taken to Arkansas Post (Fort Hindeman) on the Arkansas River. Re-routing the entire expedition on Shermans advice, McClernand ascended the river and landed his troops on January 10. Attackin g the next day, his troops carried the fort in the Battle of Arkansas Post. Issues With Grant This diversion from the effort against Vicksburg greatly angered Grant who saw operations in Arkansas as a distraction. Unaware that Sherman had suggested the attack, he complained loudly to Halleck about McClernand. As a result, orders were issued allowing Grant to take complete control of the Union troops in the area. Uniting his forces, Grant shifted McClernand into command of the newly-formed XIII Corps. Openly resentful of Grant, McClernand spent much of the winter and spring spreading rumors regarding his superiors supposed drinking and behavior. In doing so, he earned the enmity of other senior leaders such as Sherman and Porter who saw him as unfit for corps command. In late April, Grant elected to cut loose from his supply lines and cross the Mississippi south of Vicksburg. Landing at Bruinsburg on April 29, Union forces pressed east towards Jackson, MS. Turning towards Vicksburg, XIII Corps was engaged at the Battle of Champion Hill on May 16. Though a victory, Grant believed that McClernands performance during the battle was lacking as he had failed to press the fight. The next day, XIII Corps attacked and defeated Confederate forces at the Battle of Big Black River Bridge. Beaten, Confederate forces withdrew into the Vicksburg defenses. Pursuing, Grant mounted unsuccessful assaults on the city on May 19. Pausing for three days, he renewed his efforts on May 22. Attacking all along the Vicksburg fortifications, Union troops made little headway. Only on McClernands front was a foothold gained in the 2nd Texas Lunette. When his initial request for reinforcements was declined, he sent Grant a misleading message implying that he had taken two Confederate forts and that another push might win the day. Sending McClernand additional men, Grant reluctantly renewed his efforts elsewhere. When all of the Union efforts failed, Grant blamed Mc Clernand and cited his earlier communications. With the failure of the May 22 assaults, Grant commenced a siege of the city. In the wake of the assaults, McClernand issued a congratulatory message to his men for their efforts. The language used in the message sufficiently angered Sherman and Major General James B. McPherson that they lodged complaints with Grant. The message was also printed in Northern newspapers which was in contravention of War Department policy and Grants own orders. Having been constantly annoyed with McClernands behavior and performance, this breach of protocol gave Grant the leverage to remove the political general. On June 19, McClernand was officially relieved and command of XIII Corps passed to Major General Edward O. C. Ord. Later Career Life Though Lincoln backed Grants decision, he remained cognizant of the importance of maintaining the support of Illinois War Democrats. As a result, McClernand was restored to command of the XIII Corps on February 20, 1864. Serving in the Department of the Gulf, he battled illness and did not take part in the Red River Campaign. Remaining in the Gulf for much of the year, he resigned from the army due to health issues on November 30, 1864. Following the assassination of Lincoln the following year, McClernand played a visible role in the late presidents funeral proceedings. In 1870, he was elected circuit judge of the Sangamon District of Illinois and remained in the post for three years before resuming his law practice. Still prominent in politics, McClernand presided over the 1876 Democratic National Convention. He later died on September 20, 1900, in Springfield, IL and was buried at citys Oak Ridge Cemetery. Selected Sources History of War: John A. McClernandUS Congress: John A. McClernandMr. Lincoln Friends: John A. McClernand

Publius and state of emergency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Publius and state of emergency - Essay Example For instance, when dealing with terrorists it is hard to draw a boundary between human rights violation the political stability of a nation. When a government declares a state of emergency due to an event, it has to move swiftly and effectively in averting it and containing its consequences with all possible means since such events are always detrimental to a large population of a country. Having understood state of emergency, it is safe to discuss theories that relates to the same, and the paper will explore Publius’s and Schmitt’s theories and determine which one among them is more vindicated by the case of Rasul versus Bush. Publius coined a theory indicating that interest is the motive that derives the decisions and federalist’s behavior. Pablius describes the term interest, basically as the self desire to gain causing individuals to strive ceaselessly for possessions that guarantee their preservation and comfort (Eugene 32). Those who are appointed to leader ship positions in the federal government should be people who understand the federalist’s interests and committed to defending them. This means that the federal constitution is designed in a manner that takes into consideration the federalist interests. Those entrusted with the interpretation and implementation of constitution are expected to defend the interests of the federal government. Pablius argues that emphasis should not be placed on the character of the rulers but rather the arrangement of their passions and interests (Eugene 45). He observes that the constitution is meant to regulate and to protect the political interests of the nation. It follows that the judges in the federal government should ensure that their rulings do not jeopardize the political and national interests of United States. State of emergency involves very serious matters, that a government concerns itself with, since they affect an enormous number of citizens either directly or indirectly. One of such events is terrorism and the federal judges must take into account the political, economic and social interests of America when handling cases related to terrorism. Carl Schmitt is another scholar who postulated a theory on the state of emergency. He argues that state of emergency entails the total suspension of the legal order in order to stabilize a country from detrimental occurrences like civil wars (Giorgio). The suspension of the law is geared towards enhancing the welfare of human beings. There comes a time where the people’s lives are more precious that the law and legal procedures. It is not appropriate to follow the law when the process can jeopardize people’s lives. However, state of emergency should not be equated to a state of 1. See the political science reviewer by Eugene Miller for more Insight on Pablius theory on state of emergency lawlessness or anarchy since this is extreme, and in this arrangement, no one follows the law or takes responsibilit y for criminal acts exacerbated by the fact that there is no stable authority with robust will power to enact legislations. Schmitt’s theory of the state of emergency is presented in the doctrine of sovereignty; the sovereign has the power to declare a state of emergency but is also obligated to ensure legal order prevails in a state (Giorgio). The sovereign authority is one that has been given the

Control Mechanisms Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Control Mechanisms Paper - Essay Example Positive reactions accelerate the productivity of organizations. Positive reactions comprise of an increase in motivation among a company’s workforce, an addition in innovation and invention among employees, instill beliefs and values that build the company and an increase in output among others. (Conway, Andrew 42) On the hand, negative reactions are meant to decrease the output of an organization (Scott, John, 1971). The reduction is usually a previous level of productivity that might have been offset and increased to add the productivity of a company. The reduction in output decisions arise when a company’s productivity goes out of hand and becomes difficult to manage. Negative interpretation of a control mechanism by employees may be perceived as lack of independence. Negative control mechanisms that isolate some employees from others may demotivate the employees neglected by the mechanism. For example, a mechanism that separates subordinate staff from the senior staff may demoralize the subordinates and result to low productivity (Scott 21). Negative reactions are contrary to the positive ones as they decrease productivity of a company. Along with a decrease in productivity is a fall in motivation among employees and decrease levels of innovation. Set objectives of a company may als o have to be

Bill Langstons Research into Parkinsons Disease

Bill Langstons Research into Parkinsons Disease The Case of the Frozen Addicts Is Parkinsons disease a genetic disease like Huntingtons disease, or is it caused by something in the environment? By the 1980s, scientists had concluded that the disease does not seem to be genetic with their concordance studies on identical and fraternal twins. But they had searched in vain for a credible environmental cause. Then in 1985, a bizarre drug tragedy tilted the odds in favor of an environment cause and gave scientists a powerful new weapon to fight against the disease. In the summer of 1985, Jon Palfreman, the author of the book Brain Storms, was investigating reports of some drug addicts who had mysteriously been afflicted with Parkinsons. The saga had started in July 1982 at the San Jose Country Jail, where a 42-year-old drug addict woke up and found himself to be frozen, not able to walk or talk. He was transferred to the Santa Clara Valley Medical Center and examined by Bill Langston, the 39-year-old head of neurology. Langston determined that his disease was neurological ant put him in the hospitals neurobehavior unit. For several days, George lay there, immobile. Then one day, one doctor in the unit noticed that George moved his fingers as if trying to write something. So they gave him a pencil and a notepad. After several hours, George had written five to six sentences. Through the process of questions and answers, Langston found out that George was taking heroin, and that he had a girlfriend with him before he got sick. When they tracked down this woman, they found she was also rigid, like a wax doll. Over the next few days, Langston heard about four other mysterious frozen cases in the surrounding area. Langston could think of only one factor connecting all six young people drugs. They all had a history of drug abuse. The police had found heroin in their apartments. Thinking drugs might be the answer, Langston procured some of the heroin powder from the police and sent it off for analysis. It turned out that the heroin was a designer drug synthesized from chemicals in an underground lab. Langston was struck by the similarity of their symptoms to advanced Parkinsons disease. He treated them with large doses of carbidopa-levodopa. The effect was dramatic they could move and talk. But within days, they all developed severe drug-induced motor complications. While the procedure helped, it didnt reverse their neurological damage. They grew old before their time. By 2015, all but two had passed away. Langston realized that some toxin in the heroin had passed into the addicts brains and destroyed the area of the substantia nigra which makes dopamine. Identifying this toxic might lead to the discovery of the environmental cause for Parkinsons disease. A vital clue came from a report of a similar case in the 1976. A college student named Barry Kidston was trying to make a compound called 1-methyl-4-propionoxy-piperidine, or MPPP. When injected intravenously, the chemical would give a heroin-like-high. For months, Barry successfully made MPPP and used it intravenously. One day, however, he hurried a batch, and soon after injecting it into his arm, he knew something had gone wrong. Within three days, he froze up, became immobile, and could not talk. He was referred to the NIH, where it was determined that he had produced a compound call 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, or MPTP. Armed with this information, Langston and his colleagues could prove that MPTP was the toxin in the heroin taken by the six addicts. This compound MPTP was a powerful new research tool. It could cause Parkinsons in monkeys and in humans. For the first time, Parkinsons researchers had an effective animal model of the disease. Rather than working on humans, they could study Parkinsons experimentally on monkeys, explaining disease mechanisms and testing new treatments. *** In the 1980s, many scientists were hard at work trying to figure out how the brains neuron networks work. The best known of these researchers was Mahlon DeLong based at Emory University in Atlanta. Working with healthy monkeys and monkeys with Parkinsons disease induced by the neurotoxin MPTP, DeLong found out two key nodes in the neuron network the globas pallidus and the substhalamic nucleus were much more active in parkinsonian monkeys. DeLongs hypothesis was that a loss of dopamine from the substantia nigra had caused downstream nodes in the circuit to become overexcited. The resulting output signal over-inhibits the thalamus which under-excites the motor cortex, producing the classic parkinsonian inhibition of movement. To test the hypothesis, DeLong removed the subthalamic nucleus, the presumed source of the abnormal activity, to see if that would change the moneyss Parkinsons. The effect was dramatic there was an immediate reversal of slowness, rigidity, and tremor.

BCG Matrix

The idea of carrying your favorite music wherever you go has always been fascinating for people all over the world for the longest time. It started with carrying of stereo systems, then came the portable cassette players followed by the portable CD players and then finally the digital music players. In 2001 the portable music players industry was revolutionized by the advent of an Apple’s product called the iPod; this came as a breath of fresh air for music lovers all over the world and was an instant hit.The success of it can be determined by the fact that it has become a household name a brand known all over the world in such a short time; it is one of the highest revenue generating products for the Apple and is now the market leader in products of its genre. iPod – Target Market iPod’s target market has been the youth primarily who listen to music of all kinds and are always on the go, but with time the target market expanded tremendously.Now it caters to almo st everyone with accessories available it has made the music available for people where ever they are all the time. It has become part of everyday life of any professional who listens to music where ever he is working, although through campaigns it still targets the young energetic segment of the consumer market but benefits of the product are enjoyed by everyone (Apple Investor, 2008). Organizations have now employed iPod in training of their new recruits; this shows the diversity of the market that the product is now catering to.The product has grown over the years but has kept its integrity and maintained its status; as the market grew and competitors came in Apple as always tried to stay ahead of the competition by bringing variety in the product while keeping the originality. The iPod now ranges from iPod Classic, iPod Nano, iPod Shuffle and iPod touch; each caters to a different segment of the society and has its own niche. Factors influencing consumer behavior Factors that ha ve the most impact on the behavior of a consumer are †¢ Psychological †¢ Personal †¢ Social †¢ Cultural (Robbins & Judge, 2004)A manger while making any decision about a product needs to keep in mind anything that falls under the lines defined by the above mentioned factors. iPod on the other hand catered to each of these factors in its own way. Psychological If we analyze the add campaigns for the iPod it would tell us that it shows people that iPod is a product that has been designed for people who are energetic who are young or at least feel young, the colorful pattern adopted in the ads as well as in the product depicts that it is a product that doesn’t cater to a specific class but is for everyone (BCG Expertise, 2009).Being a technological product it also appeals to the techno side of a human mind, the desire to stay ahead of others and own an object that would be a statement for them. iPod over the years achieved this status of being a self statemen t for people and it is a major success of the product indeed. A lot of people associate their choice of music with their personalities, and are very possessive about the songs they own and they listen to, the iPod enable them to keep this possession close to them and take it wherever they go and enjoy them whenever they feel like, hence gives them this sense of completion as well.Personal The appeal of the product is created towards the younger generation primarily the students and the freshly hired professionals. The product is a little high priced that is why it has always been a status symbol as well in many societies, it is also for the people who have some know-how of technology and are inclined to learn more (Apple Investor, 2008). For people of young age life is always on the move, it is very important for them to have things that are portable and are easy to carry.Music is by far the favorite pass time as well as a motivator in a way that it complements their work habits, he nce having a device that can be easily carried and taken to places and can carry your favorite things is a great attraction. Social The social aspect of an iPod is on the greatest factor influencing consumer behavior. iPod from its introduction in 2001 became an instant hit and the culture of iPod started, it became a second name for music for a lot of people (Apple iPod Touch, 2009).Apple had a lot to do in bringing and enabling this culture to flourish as they kept on bringing in new features and accessories for the iPod music for example the iTunes and its advancements, this kept the customers involved in the product while on the other hand gave reasons to people to talk about the product hence iPod became a topic of discussion as well as the time progressed.A lot of the success of iPod has to do with peer pressure and reference groups as well, people adopt things that they see in their surroundings, or with people who they are close to. This creates a desire among them to have t he same object as well, with iPod being a state of the art product the word of mouth was tremendous people couldn’t stop talking about their iPods and its features; this created hype in the market about the product and more and more people bought them. CulturalWith the advancement in technology the people wanted convenience in everything and hence the involvement of technology increased day by day in a common man’s life, this culture of technology also progressed with time. With this culture flourishing iPod came as a perfect fit, people were willing to adopt changes and try out new products, people were better educated and well aware of what the product was all about hence less effort was required in making the people understand the product also it enabled people to better receive the product (iPhone 3G, 2009).The today’s world has become really fast paced, time is the most expensive resource and everybody seems to be short of it; in such times it was hard for people to relax at their work places or enjoy a few minutes of good music, even if they were able to they didn’t feel comfortable with it. In such time iPod came as blessing as it was handy yet could carry loads of music files now people were able to enjoy their music while being at work or being busy with whatever they want to do (Bulik, 2008). Consumer Behavior ModelBlack Box Model The Black Box model is divided into three basic parts: †¢ Environmental Factors †¢ Black Box †¢ Buyer’s Response (Daft, 2001) Environmental Factors The Environmental Factors is the basic scenario in which a consumer is placed and has to make a decision these are his surroundings and how the product is presented to him and also how he perceives the product, how important is it for him and does he even feel the need for the product or not. The environmental factors are further divided into two categories 1.Environment: These are the conditions that the customer lives in and hi s surroundings, the aspects involved are the political situation of the country and its stability, this also involves the economical standing of the country the buying power of the consumer, the cultural aspect is also included in order to analyze the fact and understand how the customer will perceive the product and also the technical issues are also discussed for the reason that whether the society is able to adopt and understand and support the technology or not.In iPods case as the product was launched predominantly in the western markets, the environment was favorable although some problems were faced in countries else where, the financial and political support was there, the product was a perfect fit for the fast paced on the go culture and also the technology was very well received by the audience (Robbins & Judge, 2004). 2. Marketing Strategy: The marketing aspect of the environmental factor is more company related this is more about how the company designs its product, pric es it, promotes it and defines distribution channels based on the environment discussed above (Martin, 2008).The success of iPod is an indication of its great marketing strategy; the product was a very well thought device which catered to the consumer needs perfectly, secondly the promotion was such that it appealed to everyone and distribution channels were effective enough that it was available everywhere. The pricing although was a little question mark the big profit margin that the company enjoyed restricted some of the potential customers from using the product but then again it was good enough to make it an extremely profitable product. Black BoxBuyers’ Characteristics: This is the part where the buyer’s personality is involved, the attributes that give him his identity influence his decision making process. The way the buyer perceives a product, the attitude with which he receives the product, his personal likes and dislikes and also his background and his lifes tyle all combined influence the decision that he takes. The characteristics of the target market were thoroughly analyzed and were responded with a great product and a marketing strategy, the habits and interests of the young generation were very well responded.The buyer’s response is considered as a rational decision based on the factors above while in reality it might not be the case, a buyer can be influenced by other factors as well, his decision doesn’t have to be rational in the defined lines of the black box, he can be bias and unreasonable as well but even in that way he is satisfying his own need to optimum utility (BCG Expertise, 2009). The positive response to iPod from the consumers is not necessarily due to the fact that it caters their needs but it can also be due to the fact that the buyer wants to fit into a certain circle of people and needs iPod as a support for his status.Decision Making: The second part of the black box is the buyer’s decisio n making process, it starts off with the identification of a problem that is the buyer’s realization of a need or a desire, second part is the research where the buyer looks out to find how can he fulfill his need, when he finds out ways how he can fulfill his needs then he evaluates all the options available to him, after the evaluation he finally comes to a conclusion and buys a product. The last part of the process is the behavior of the buyer after the purchase whether he comes back the second time or not, does he have complains, is he satisfied etc.(Martin, 2008) In the decision making process the problem was that people weren’t able to find a high quality digital music player that was reliable yet looked good, they did their research and iPod being the first of its kind was the only option available to them, after evaluating it and finding it best against the rest they bought the product. After the sales most of the customer were genuinely satisfied the evidence for which is the number of iPods sold and number of tunes downloaded from iTunes (Graham, 2008). RecommendationsPricing Strategy The iPod has always been a premium product by apple, relatively high priced but high quality; the high price is primarily due to the high profit margin that is kept on each device. The survey that was conducted that was conducted was based on 4 major points: 1. It was asked that which in their perspective is the best digital music player, the response was clear as more than 70 percent of the responses replied iPod; this shows that iPod is positioned as the best product in the market among the consumers (Bulik, 2008). 2.On the question whether respondents owned an iPod or not around 55 percent of the respondents replied positively. 3. When asked if they would want to own an iPod of their more than 90 percent replied positively; this showed the great potential the product had in the market. 4. When those who didn’t own an iPod already that why they di dn’t have an iPod the majority replied that they were not able to afford it. Hence it can be concluded that the product has great potential and still can capture a bigger share in an already self dominated market, but the only barrier is the high price.The price needs to be lowered a bit so that affordability of the product increases. This is not just in the western nations but one of the major reasons that iPod has not been able to flourish as greatly in rest of the world is the fact that an already high priced product becomes extremely unaffordable for people of poor economies when they are caught currency exchange rates. Even these markets have tremendous potential but they fall pray to cheap Chinese copies or other portable devices when the desire to own an iPod is great.The profit margin can be reduced and the recovery can be made on other products such as the accessories and music. Music Diversity Music form different genres must be added to the iTunes feature in order to attract a worldwide audience. This is the biggest internet music seller portal, recently iTunes celebrated its billionth download in just 9 months, this shows that how great the operations related to iPod have become and can become even bigger if a little diversity is added (Graham, 2008). Music SharingSharing the music between two iPod users is still an issue as there is no convenient way of transferring a file from one iPod to another, although there have been attempts such as the miShare but still it is a hassle. What needs to be done is that a wireless system of transferring files between the devices must be made so that two users are able to share their songs and enjoy the music together. FM Radio iPod doesn’t have an FM Radio feature; the FM industry has become huge over the years and has a great fan base and listenership.Not giving such a feature is just missing on to opportunities that are quite simple to catch on, hence an FM feature needs to be added in the produ ct. Advertisements While the high spirit energetic young look for advertisement must be maintained but also different campaigns must be introduced in order to attract audiences who may not like to be associated with this perception. References Apple Investor. (2008). Retrieved April 24, 2009, from http://www. apple. com/investor Apple iPod Touch. (Apple Inc.). Retrieved April 19, 2009, from http://www. apple. com/ipodtouch/ BCG Expertise. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from Boston Consulting Group: http://www. bcg. com/impact_expertise/publications/files/Summary_Shop_org. pdf Bulik, B. S. (June 2008). Apple's iPhone steals marketing thunder from iPod. Advertising Age , 4-55. Daft, R. (2001). Organization Theory and Design, 9th ed. Chicago: South-Western. Graham, J. (2008). Apple iPhone hasn't gotten on Flash bandwagon yet. USA Today . iPhone 3G.(2008). Retrieved April 23, 2009, from http://images. apple. com/br/accessibility/pdf/iPhone_3G_vpat. pdf Martin, R. (2008). Apple Goes After Business With Phone Apps And SDK. Informationweek , 23-24. Robbins, S. P. , & Judge, T. A. (2004). Organizational Behavior. New York: Pearsons. Survey: High Awareness, Strong Demand for Apple iPhone. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 22, 2009, from Marketing Charts: http://www. marketingcharts. com/interactive/survey-high-awareness-strong-demand-for-apple-iphone-694/

Current patterns of ill health Essay

Describe the current patterns of ill health and how they are monitored In the UK patterns of ill health are identified and monitored through the use of statistics which may be viewed on the National Statistics website. Responsible for producing statistics to be put together by our UK National Statistics organisation to illustrate patterns of ill health in the UK are government statistical departments. Government statistical departments that are major contributors to identifying and monitoring patterns of ill health in the UK include: the Department of Health, the Health and Safety Executive and the NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care. Although statistics do provide a clear picture, they are not totally accurate for what they represent because there will always be information on illness that is not reported so statistics can only give us an idea of what ill health in England is really like. Here are some of the descriptions of the current patterns of ill health in the UK Lung cancer: Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start off in one or both lungs but is usually in the cells that line the air passages. The abnormal cells do not develop into healthy lung tissue, they divide rapidly and form tumours. It is health concern as â€Å"Doctors in Britain are ‘missing opportunities’ to spot lung cancer at an early stage,† BBC News reports. A study found around a third of people with the condition die within 90 days of their initial diagnosis. http://www.nhs.uk and because there are usually no signs or symptoms in the early stages of lung cancer it is hard to diagnose so more people are dying from this cancer. Lung cancer is on the increase especially in women because of the sharp decrease in the incidence of male lung cancer over the past two decades reflects the decline in smoking prevalence among men. ‘Female smokers are also twice as likely to develop lung cancer as male smokers’ http://www.nhs.uk it is on the increase becuase Women aged between 25 and 34 are more stressed than anyone else in Britain, a new study has found. At that age, women are typicall y climbing the career ladder at work, caring for demanding young children at home and paying a mortgage meaning they are smoking more because of the stress.http://www.dailymail.co.uk Diabetes type 2: A person with type 2 diabetes has insulin resistance, meaning their pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or the body doesn’t react properly to insulin. Insulin is used by the body to manage glucose, or sugar, levels in the blood and to  convert glucose into energy. ‘Type 2 diabetes occurs mainly in people aged over 40. 5 million people have diabetes but is more common in older people The rapid rise in the number of adults developing type 2 diabetes is due to, increasing levels of obesity, a lack of exercise, increase in unhealthy diets and an ageing population. The first-line treatment is diet, weight control and physical activity.’ http://www.patient.co.uk/ it becomes a concern as that person is causing it themselves because of their diet , or lack of exercise ect and can only help themselves Cystic fibrosis- Cystic fibrosis affects over 7500 people in the UK and over 2 million people in the UK carry the gene that causes it. It affects the internal organs, especially the lungs and the digestive system, by clogging them with thick sticky mucus. This makes it hard to breathe and digest food. It is a progressive disorder and currently there is no cure, an average life expectancy is 31 years, although improvements in treatment mean a baby born today could expect to live for longer. Cystic fibrosis is increasingly being diagnosed through screening but some babies and older children (and even adults) are diagnosed following unexplained illness. Treatments available include eating a healthy diet, exercising, physiotherapy treatment and medicine treatment. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. This means that in order to develop cystic fibrosis you need to inherit two cystic fibrosis genes, one from your mother and one from your father, and this is why it is on the increase as people who have the gene are having children. Coronary heart disease – (CHD) is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque (plak) builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis. It’s responsible for around 74,000 deaths in the UK each year. About 1 in 5 men and 1 in 8 women die from CHD. CHD generally affects more men than women, but from the age of 50 the chances of developing CHD are similar for men and women. â€Å"That number of people get CHD looks likely to rise if we allow complacency and inactivity to ruin our lives.† Professor Sir Charles George blamed people’s increasingly unhealthy lifestyles to cause this. Std- sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infectious diseases that spread  from person to person through intimate contact. these diseases can cause serious harm such as getting HIV is a virus most commonly caught by having sex without a condom.The virus attacks the immune system, and weakens your ability to fight infections and disease.At the end of 2012, there were an estimated 98,400 people in the UK living with HIV. The majority were infected through sex (41,000 gay and bisexual men and 53,000 heterosexuals).Although there is no cure for HIV, treatments are now very effective, enabling people with HIV to live long and healthy lives.You will be encouraged to take regular exercise, eat a healthy diet, stop smoking. the reason why it is on the increase is because of sexual activity at a young age, having lots of sexual paretners are more at risk and having unprotected sex, many young adults are not using condoms meaning that diseases like chylamida are increasing and more sexua l diseases are being spread around as there are also not really any symptoms to suggest you have a std. liver disease. There are over 100 types of liver disease, which together affect at least 2 million people in the UK. the most common are alcohol-related liver disease, where the liver is damaged after years of alcohol misuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, usually seen in people who are overweight or obese and hepatitis, which is inflammation (swelling) of the liver caused by a viral infection or exposure to harmful substances such as alcohol. the deaths becuase of liver disease has increased by 40% in the last 12 years due to alcohol. www.thegurdian.com Regional study shows significant variations in mortality across country, and men twice as likely to be diagnosed as women, studies have shown that this is becuase young men are more likely to drink more on a night out also when they are stressed and angry they turn to alcohol. â€Å"men and women have different types of stress-related psychological disorders. Women have greater rates of depression and some types of anxiety disorders than men, while men have greater rates of alcohol-use disorders than women† breast cancer- Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into (invade) surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in the UK. In 2011, just under 50,000 women were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Most  women who get it (8 out of 10) are over 50, but younger women, and in rare cases, men, can also get breast cancer. there are many factors as to why breast cancer is increasing some are, alcohol can cause breast cancer, and even drinking small amounts can increase the risk of this disease. After the menopause, women who are overweight or obese have a higher breast cancer risk than those who have a healthy weight. The Million Women Study also looked at body weight, and calculated that obesity accounts for 7 per cent of the UK’s breast cancer cases. women who work night shifts are also at a higher risk.

Mitchell Surname Meaning and Family History

The Mitchell surname is a common form or corruption of the given name Michael, meaning big or one who is like God. Mitchell is the 44th most popular surname in the United States and the 15th most common surname in Scotland. Mitchell is also popular in England, coming in as the 51st most common surname. Surname Origin:  Scottish, English, Irish Alternate Surname Spellings:  MICHELL, MICHILL, MACMICHAEL, MACMICHELL, MECHEL, MEITCHEL, MICHISON, MICHIE, MITCHAL, MITCHEL, MICHELSON, MITCHELLSON, MITCHISON, MITCHOL, MITSCHAEL, MITSSCHAL, MITTCHEL, MYCHELL, MYTCHELL, MCMICHAEL, MICHEL Famous People with the MITCHELL  Surname Margaret Mitchell  -  American author, best known for her novel Gone With the WindArthur Mitchell  - first African American Democrat elected to Congress  Maria Mitchell  - first professional female astronomer in the United States; the comet she discovered in 1847 became known as Miss Mitchells CometWilliam Billy Mitchell  - American military aviation pioneer Where Is the MITCHELL Surname Most Common? Mitchell  is the 808th most common surname in the world, according to surname distribution data from  Forebears. It is most prevalent in the United States, where it ranks as the 46th most common last name, and is also common in countries such as England (51st), Australia (37th), Canada (49th), Scotland (23rd) and New Zealand (27th). WorldNames PublicProfiler  indicates the Mitchell surname is especially common in Scotland, as well as Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and the United States. Within Scotland, Mitchell is found in the greatest numbers in northern Scotland, including Moray, Aberdeenshire, Angus, Perth and Kinross, and Fife. There is also a greater percentage of Mitchells in East Ayrshire.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname MITCHELL Mitchell  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Mitchell family crest or coat of arms for the Mitchell surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? MITCHELL  DNA ProjectMore than  250 members with Mitchell roots in Great Britain, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, France, Germany, Poland, Canada, and the United States,  have joined this project for the Mitchell surname to  work together to find their common heritage through DNA testing and sharing of information. MITCHELL Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Mitchell  ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Mitchell ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - MITCHELL GenealogyExplore over 7.2 million  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Mitchell surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. MITCHELL Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Mitchell surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. GeneaNet - Mitchell RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Mitchell surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Mitchell  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Mitchell surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Ancestry.com: Mitchell SurnameExplore over 15  million digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Mitchell surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. Source Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.